Bridging conservation and policy: evaluating national targets to reduce mangrove loss under the Kunming–Montreal biodiversity framework

Background

This research examines the alignment between the Kunming–Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (GBF) targets and national efforts to halt mangrove loss. Under the Convention on Biological Diversity, GBF’s Targets 1 and 3 aim to reduce habitat loss and expand protected areas to conserve 30% of critical ecosystems by 2030. Mangroves, vital for biodiversity, carbon storage, and coastal protection, continue to experience degradation due to both human and natural drivers. Despite partial success in global mangrove protection, national policies often fail to address underlying drivers of degradation or incorporate specific, measurable conservation actions.

Goals and Methods

This study aims to evaluate whether national biodiversity strategies and action plans (NBSAPs) align with GBF Targets 1 and 3 in addressing mangrove loss. Using an interdisciplinary approach, it combines global-scale geospatial analysis (2000–2016) of mangrove loss, ecosystem service valuation, and thematic policy review. Data from 120 mangrove-holding countries were analysed using Google Earth Engine to classify areas by protection status, loss drivers (direct or indirect), and ecosystem value (biodiversity, biomass, and coastal protection). A thematic content analysis of national targets submitted under GBF was conducted to assess the integration of relevant conservation strategies.

Conclusions and Takeaways

Results show that 78% of global mangrove loss occurred in high-value areas, primarily outside protected zones. Of 120 countries, 30 experienced significant loss, but only five, i.e. Cameroon, Colombia, Gabon, Panama, and Tanzania, incorporated actionable short-term measures within their GBF-aligned national targets. Most national plans lack specificity and measurable indicators, hindering the GBF’s goal of halting mangrove loss by 2030. The study recommends integrating mangrove-specific targets, ecosystem service mapping, and climate finance mechanisms into national biodiversity frameworks. Strengthened coordination between global frameworks and local governance is essential to bridge policy gaps and enhance the resilience of mangrove ecosystems.