Roles of indigenous women in forest conservation: A comparative analysis of two indigenous communities in the Philippines

Background

This study examines the roles of indigenous women in forest conservation in Nueva Ecija, Philippines: the Ikalahan-Kalanguya of Caraballo Mountain in Carranglan and the Dumagat women of Mount Mingan in Gabaldon. These communities contain the highest number of indigenous people living in or near the forest in the province and have retained indigenous forest preservation practices. Historically, people have considered indigenous peoples in the Philippines, including women, protectors of the environment. However, specific studies focusing on the direct contributions of indigenous women to forest protection are lacking.

Goals and Methods

The primary goals of this research are to describe the role of indigenous women in forest conservation in the two selected communities and to understand how the intersectionality of gender, ethnicity, and traditional knowledge impacts forest conservation. The study also compares the perceptions of climate change between indigenous women in the two areas. The research employed a mixed-methods approach, combining qualitative, quantitative, and documentary analysis. The theory of eco-feminism, which links the subordination of women to the exploitation of nature, guided the research. Data collection methods included survey questionnaires, informal interviews, personal observation, and immersion during visits to the communities. The researchers also conducted focus group discussions with the respective Councils of Elders. 

Conclusions and Takeaways

The study concludes that the roles women play in forest protection differ notably between the two communities. Kalanguya women actively participate in various forest protection activities, often alongside men and sometimes in oversight roles. Their community recognizes their role in family and community decision-making, and they benefit from that recognition. In contrast, Dumagat women have a relatively lesser role in forest conservation, often limited to gathering activities. This reflects a more patriarchal societal structure where men primarily lead environmental activities. Despite similar perceptions of climate change impacts, the Dumagat ancestral domain showed a more critical state of forest cover and higher susceptibility to environmental threats. This is possibly due to exploitative practices by non-community members and the limited involvement of women in protection initiatives. The study recommends establishing linkages with funding institutions, providing opportunities for indigenous women’s participation in policy-making and planning, offering technical and vocational training, creating community organizations, and implementing province-wide awareness programs to further enhance IP women’s roles in forest protection.